Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic Bacteria

Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic bacteria2. Materials and modes2.1. Preparation of culture mediaNutrient agar (NA) NA (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, UK) was prep bed by weighing out 28g of nutrient agar powder and breakup in 1L of deionised H2O, by warming on a hot family. This was autoclaved at 121C and 15psi for 15 minutes. The specialty was then aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dole outes and allowed to solidify.saccharose glutamate agar (SGA) SGA was prepared by dissolving 20g of sucrose, 2g of glutamate, 15g of agar bacteriological (Agar No.1) and 1g of K2HPO4 in 1L deionised H2O. This was autoclaved as outline above. The medium was allowed to cool down to approximately 60C at which 5ml of MgSO4 and 1ml of kanamycin was aseptically added to the medium using a Nalgene Syringe Filters. The medium was then poured into petri dishes and allowed to solidify.Nematode harvest medium (NGM) 1L of NGM was prepared by dissolving 3g of NaCl, 17g of agar, and 2.5g of peptone in 975ml of deionised H2O in a Duran bottle. This was autoclaved as outline above. The media was allowed to cool for 15 minutes at which 1ml of 1M CaCl2, 1ml of 5mg/ml cholesterol in ethanol, 1ml of 1M MgSO4 and 25ml of 1M KPO4 weaken were added aseptically in a Duran bottle. The bottle was swirled to moderate the medium was mixed in veracious direct and then aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify.2.2. Culturing entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)9cm r individually paper was located in sterile petri dish and 1ml of stock nematode shift was pipetted onto filter paper. Five live genus Galleria mellonella (wax moths) were set onto petri dish and sealed with parafilm ( phone cast 1). The dish were kept in a dark and observed mundane for the plant louse mortality. Once the G. mellonella were dead they were transferred to white traps.Figure 1 Galleria (wax moth) bemock technique.2.3. Preparation of white trapsWhite traps (White, 1927) w ere prepared which the lid of a baseborn petri dish (35x10mm) was typesetd on top of the base and placed in a clear tub, this was then cover with filter paper. 30ml of water was added to the shaping container just to allow absorbing through the filter paper. The dead G. mellonella was placed on the moist filter paper and it was covered and placed in dark for 7 to 14 days (Figure 2). The white traps were observed daily for emergence of infective juveniles (IJs) by using stereoscope (Figure 3). Whenever the water around the show became densely concentrated with nematodes, the water was decanted into a container and replaced with another 30ml of deionised H2O. The nematodes were stored at 4C in 25ml of distilled water until needed for use.Figure 2 Galleria larvae on white trap.Figure 3 Galleria larvae under stereoscope (20X).2.4. Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) on NGM (Couillault. C, 2002)A stock culture of C. elegans was cultures from a previous stock of C. elegans . In a laminar air flow, the plate was separate into equal sections. A sterilized scalpel was utilize to cut sections from the stock culture to the centre of a fresh NGM plate (Figure 4). The plates were sealed using a strip of parafilm and stored at room temperature or inside incubator at 21C for 3 days. The petri plates were observed regularly using stereoscope (Figure 5).Figure 4 Culturing C. elegans on NGM (Chunking method).Figure 5 Observation of C. elegans under stereoscope (20X).2.5. Culturing of bacterial endophytesThe endophytic bacterial strains used in this ingest were provided by IT Carlow stock collection and rent been tagged with gfp (green fluorescent protein). The genus Pseudomonas strains used were F113, L321 and L228.1L of Nutrient neckcloth (NB) was prepared and 10ml was pipetted into Mc Cartney bottles and autoclaved. The Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp were inoculated aseptically using a wire loop and incubated at 30C for 24hours in an orbital shaker incubator. The gfp strains in the nutrient broth were then streaked onto fresh non contaminated nutrient agar and SGA in duplicate for each of bacterial strains, using the quadrant streaking method. All plates were covered with parafilm, labelled and incubated at 30C for 24hours. A gram stain, catalase test, oxidase test, and ceremonial occasion of morphological characterisation were carried out for the Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp.2.6. Quantification of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegansThe stock suspension of nematodes was divided into 50ml savours. 100l of the infective juvenile suspension of each sample was pipetted using micropipette onto a librateing tray and tally counter was used to count for nematodes under stereoscope (Figure 6). Once they were counted, the sample was discarded and washed with deionised H2O. This was repeated 10 whiles and the average number of nematodes was calculated.Figure 6 Counting sleeping room contai ning suspension of nematodes.2.7. Preparation of colly samples2500g of soil was autoclaved as outlined in section 2.1. The soil was dried in an oven at 55C for 24 hours. The soil samples were prepared by weighing out 90g into plastic cups (Figure 7) and temporarily covered with tin foil to prevent any contamination.Figure 7 Each plastic cup contains 90g of soil.2.8. Preparation for Sodium alginate string of astragaluss (Bashan, 2002)The microbeads stock suspension were prepared by dissolving 10g of Sodium alginate in 500ml of deionised H2O , 10g of Calcium Chloride in 500ml of deionised H2O, and 5g of powdered skimmed milk in 50ml of deionised H2O. All components were autoclaved separately and the skimmed milk was autoclaved simply for 10 minutes. The works solution was prepared from the stock solutions as follows 5ml of skimmed milk, 15ml of atomic number 11 alginate and 5ml inoculum. The components of the working solution were poured into a sterile petri dish and mixed usi ng a sterile rod. Parafilm was used to plug the spout of 20ml syringe, the alginate mixture and grass seeds were later added. The parafilm was then removed and a sterile rod was used to fit the coated seeds dropped out exclusively, into a beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a magnetised stirring plate (Figure 8). The beads were washed at least troika times with sterile distilled water and stored in a sealed petri serve up until needed for use.Figure 8 Beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a charismatic stirring plate.2.9. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beads (Bashan, Y and Levanony, 1989)In order to withdraw and enumerate bacterial endophytes from microbeads seed coating. Six alginate beads containing individual bacterium were dissolved in 10ml of 0.25M Potassium Phosphate buffer in a test tube and incubated at 30C for 24 hours. The bead was then shaken on a vortex for 5 minutes to break down the alginate. Using a serial dilution method, 1ml of bead sample s containing bacteria was serially diluted in 9ml of sterile ringers from 10-1 to 10-10 (Figure 9) this was carried out onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30C for 24 hours.Figure 9 Most probable number (MPN) method/Serial dilution method.2.10. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from plants (Keogh, E, 2009)Each plant was removed from pots and excess soil was removed. Three samples were taken from each plant (stem, root, and rhizosphere). The stems and roots were surface sterilised with 1% of sodium hydrochloride and washed twice with sterile water. The stems and roots were cut with sterile scalpel and rugged with a pestle and mortar in 5ml of Ringers solution. 100l of suspension was added to 900l of sterile Ringers in 2.5ml microfuge tubes. The serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30l were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30C for 24 hours.3. Results3.1. Characterisation of bacterial endophytesThe classical approach to bacteria i dentification involves prelude microscopic examination of the gram-stained preparation for its categorisation which would later form the creation for the selection of biochemical test to be perform to test their identity. control panel (Table 1) and figures (Figure 10(a) to (f)) below shows the characterisation for each strain of endophyte.Figure 10 Characterisation of bacterial endophytes. (a) Culture plate thoughtfulness for F113. (b) Microscopy examination for F113. (c) Culture plate observation for L228. (d) Microscopy visualisation for L228. (e) Culture plate observation for L321. (f) Microscopy examination for L321.3.2. Counting of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegansThe number of nematodes was counted per well in four weeks time (Table 2) and a chart (Figure 11) was produced equivalence the S. feltiae and C. elegans. This was repeated 10 times and the average number of nematodes was calculated.Table 2 Quantification of nematodes.Figure 11- Comparison between No. of IJ /100l with the time of S. feltiae and C. elegans.3.3. Soil samples inoculationIn order to make sure the soil samples free from contamination, the serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30l were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30C for 24 hours (Figure 12). The results indicated no growth in the soil samples.Figure 12 No growth in the soil samples.3.4. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beadsIn order to isolate bacterial endophytes from alginate seed coating, the beads were plated onto SGA and incubated at 30C for 24 hours. The results indicated that fluorescent which present of green colour pigment (Figure 13).Figure 13 SGA changed to green colour.3.5. Colonisation and enumeration of endophytic bacterial within plant tissuesInoculated unceasing ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was allowed to grow for 4 weeks (Figure 14) before sampling took place. Total bacterial population of gfp expressing were determined for each of the tiss ues examined. Endophytic bacteria are considered to be those spaced from the internal tissues of surface sterilised plants. However, it is difficult to determine whether an organism is in truth endophytic or merely a survivor of the surface sterilisation process. To ensure that the sterilisation processes were adequate, the sterilised tissues were pressed against the surface of a sterile SGA plate and samples of the third water rinsing were also plated onto SGA plates (Figure 15). Bacterial counts (Figure 16 and 17) on these plates were always between 10-1 to 10-4 CFUs per ml (Table 3 and 4), which was considered to be a good indication that the surface was successfully sterilised. However, under epifluorescent microscopy, the gfp expressing from inoculated plants. Pseudomonas species strain L321 was detected only in the rhizosphere and the interior root tissues of inoculated plant (Figure 18(a) and (b)).Figure 14 Lolium perenne was allowed to grow.Figure 15 Bacterial count on SGA platesTable 3 Plate counts on Pseudomonas strain of L321.Figure 16 Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans.Table 4 Plate counts on Pseudomonas strain of F113.Figure 17 Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans.Figure 18 Visualisation under epifluorescent microscope. (a) L321gfp bacteria (400X). (b) L321gfp bacteria (100X).4. DiscussionBacterial settlement of the internal tissues of plants has been described in almost all plant species examined so far. Although many of these bacteria are phytopathogenic, a considerable number have also been found that colonise the plant without causing disease. Such bacteria are referred to as bacterial endophytes. Colonisation may take place at the local tissue level or throughout the plant, with bacterial colonies and biofilms residing latently in the intercellular spaces and inside the vascular tissues. This project describes the isolation, identification and small town efficiency of perennial ryegrass by gfp labelle d bacterial endophytes. Furthermore, this study has shown the successful resolution of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in amply population numbers within the plant tissues. This experiment shows that the L321 bacteria endophyte worked successfully with the C. elegans to increase the plant colonisation. In this project, L228 was discarded imputable to the lawns were very curt and did not fluorescence very well so the experiment carried out only with L321 and F113. During the characterisation of bacteria endophytes, the results were obtained which the genus Pseudomonas appeared in Gram negative bacilli mobile by polar flagella. In addition, in catalase test shows positive formed the bubbles when comes into contact with Hydrogen Peroxide. On the other hand, the results show that they are oxidase producing which pull up stakes be oxidised to deep purple colour. Also, when nematodes had been put on plates and timescale had begun it was discover that some plates start to dry out out which may be due to the media drying out so to overcome this this, the plates have to seal with parafilm to prevent from dry out. Furthermore, other notice when the plates rinsed with water, I noticed crystals formed in the media and this may be due to the temperature problem. Generally in the experiment there is no physical quantity can be measured with perfect proof there are always errors in any measurement. For example, the systematic errors are due to poorly calibrated instrument observational for example, errors in impression of an observer when reading the scale of a measuring device to the smallest division.5. cultureIn conclusion, this study has shown the successful colonisation of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in high population numbers within the plant tissues. Hence, none of the introduced strains showed any signs of pathogenicity towards their host plant and others tested. Many studies have shown that the colonisation levels in field trials are less successful than those in laboratory trials. This is plausibly due to increased microbial competition and less favourable environmental conditions. Therefore, additional long-term field trials need to be carried out in order to gain a better understanding of the colonisation anatomy and population dynamics of endophytic bacteria in the perennial ryegrass. If time permitted forthcoming work would include, the carrying out of plant biomass which is a time consuming method that involves drying of cells and to perform by weighing the dry and fresh weight of each plant.6. ReferencesBrown, R.H. and Kerry, B.R. (1987). Principles and Practice of Nematode Control inCrops. Academic Press, Sydney. 447 pp.Evans, D., Trudgill, D.L. and Webster, J.M. (1993). Plant parasitic Nematodes inTemperate Agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford. 648 pp.Luc, M., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J. (2005). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in subtropicaland Tropical Agriculture, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford. 871 pp.Mai, W.F. and Mullin, P.G. (1996). Plant Parasitic Nematodes. A graphic Key toGenera, 5th edn. 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