Literature On Solid Waste Management

Literature On Solid desolate ManagementThere is non much literature available on Harar Municipal Solid unfounded Management sector although such studies were conducted at Addis Ababa and Jimma. Therefore, this section borrows liberally from studies conducted elsewhere. While poor management of substantialness run expose is a general problem in Ethiopia, it is probably conspicuous in Harar city considering its historical and regional importance.It is a government organization that motivates the piece towarf ards SWM. Pubic and government atomic number 18 inseparable from the welf ar point of view. The irresolution is how do we hold up local municipality in Harar as an organ of the re ordinary government to be innovative in providing substantiality counteract produce? Despite the wide use of the term, innovation systems argon til now to be all the modal value defined, characterized and evaluated in a systematic and quantifiable manner. With the selection of solid s reach services in local municipality the following experience in Sri Lanka may of interest and guidance to us.The innovation systems theory in the eighties in Sri Lanka invoked the nonion of national innovation systems which argon made up of institutions that create, store and transfer companionship. It is straightway becoming more and more clear that the creators of cognition are non limited to those in institutions dedicated to such. Instead now it is widely accepted that knowledge is created in application as unlike to formal knowledge institutions (Gibbons et al., 1994)Moreover, uphill importance of knowledge to a lower placepins the conceptual flat coat for the project. A change in the nature of the knowledge landscape was predicted by Gibbons and some an otherwise(prenominal)s as early as the 1990s in what they termed as the ever-changing modes of knowledge production. They designated knowledge produced in formal settings such as Universities and interrogation inst itutes as institution influenced knowledge and knowledge gained in work places and other settings as formal practical knowledge which will gradually replace institutional knowledge. Although the concept is widely utilise in the literature, empirical work supporting it is lacking. Yet, any training that Harar municipality would offer to its employees involved in SWM would give rise a breakthrough in SWM system. Knowledge for innovation in solid drop services will be generated from deep down the practitioners, with the formal knowledge community playing a supporting role.It is overly becoming increasingly difficult to separate creation of knowledge from the sharing or the application. An emerging literature such as Bartone (1995) on Knowledge Intensive bloodline Services (KIBS) supports the newer nonion of knowledge creation and application is non devil separate things. Innovation in services is now understood to be an ongoing work where the producers of the service contin ually l crystalize from customers, suppliers and recruits.2.2 Social judging2.2.1 Introduction to SAMoreover, as this work looked into amicable factors estimate, the following literature reviews were felt suitable for discussion. Although the researcher applied only some the following views for this project, the SA views for SWM gains blow in that any participatory approach pauperizations a soused mixer assessment.According to the World Bank, (2003) a social assessment refers to the compend that a borrower under records during project design to assess social feasibility of a project. It also incorporates a lam of instruments that can be used non only to obtain the necessary social input and identify confiscate utensils for community participation in the design and implementation of these systems, however also to ensure that endangered social groups are non excluded from the benefits of investments and system correctments. e rattling bit authorised is the motiv ating to ensure that social groups and communities are not adversely affected by relevant decisions whether they relate to factors such as changes in service fees, expansion of service boundaries, and/or inclusion/exclusion of activities of the open sector with count on to SWM.Further, World Bank (2003) is of the opinion that the ideal SA facilitates the process through which the Borrower better(p) understands social organization and cultural systems, as thoroughly as institutional, historical, and political contexts in order to ensure the quality of investment design and success during implementation provides means to rise equality, strengthen social inclusion and cohesion, promote transparent governance and empower the poor and the vulnerable in project design and/or implementation. It further assures that it constitutes a mechanism to identify the opportunities, constraints, rivals, and social risks associated with policy and project design provides a modeling for dialogu e on development priorities among social groups, civil society, government and other stakeh seniorers and uses an approach to identify and mitigate the potential social risks, including adverse social impacts.According to Social Assessment for Tehran City Solid Waste Management Project (2004) Community and institutional characteristics are as important as fellowship characteristics in determining the role of stakeholders in MSWM. a lot the poorest communities, such as those that are of low caste or heathen status, and those that are new immigrants of urban peripheries, are either excluded from MSWM services or may be adversely impacted. Dump sites may be primed(p) near the about vulnerable communities, consequently subjecting them to strongness problems. This is quite true to Harar city. Their voices may not be strong enough within the urban political structure to affect positive changes in their environsal status. The tell project of Tehran further demonstrated that a th orough assessment of socio-economic, demographic and migratory characteristics of the project population was an important analytical pricking that helped formulate recommendations for the improvement of the MSWS in the city. These improvements were instantaneously derived from the findings of the SA.2.2.2 Gender PerspectivesGender and MSWM are fast related. Although this study does not delve deep into gender proportionality with regard SWM of Harar city, it is true that SWM is gendered to some extent in the city. According to Scheinberg et al. (1999) some(prenominal) an(prenominal) aspects of solid unwarranted management are gendered. Looking at gender dimensions of MSWM also enables the planners to note the differences in the behavior, needs, and the roles played by other social groups. Women and men play different roles in the MSWM at all levels. At the household level, for example, they have different responsibilities. At workplaces dealing with beetle off sorting, colle ction, transportation, and planning, at that place are other key differences. Although the differences are largely culture specific, it is not common to see women among the eminent level managers of solid bollocks up within municipal or formal private sector institutions Women may take responsibility for community cleanliness as long as the work is voluntary, but when it becomes paid and legitimized, it frequently, if not always goes to men. In planning improvements to the MSWM system, in that respectfore, the implications are that there is a need to preserve womens role in cleaning activities (UWEP 1999).Womens powerfulness to contribute to environmental cleaning or even carrying their household unwarranted to bins placed in world places may be hindered in certain(p) cultural settings where womens presence in earth is discouraged, as is documented for Yemens inessential cities (Bernstein 1998). Although it may not be fully true to Harar city, senile and lay aged women do not get involved in these activities frequently2.2.3 Poverty and Low IncomeMany studies were conducted on poverty and low income. These studies proved that they were make fullly related to SWM. The following are some excerpts from literature in this regard that go hand in hand with the existing social and economic condition that prevails in the study area affecting the MSWM.Among other issues that are important in analyzing social diversity, understanding poverty dimensions is critical. urban poverty and poor environmental conditions in most parts of the world are inextricably linked. In more cities, the poor do not have entrance money to the formal solid intemperance collection service, or conk out in unsafe, marginal, and environmentally hazardous areas such as bemire land-sites near solid counteract poops. These conditions lead to poor environmental easyness which aggravates poverty and leads to impacts such as loss of income due to sickness and disease, pitiful me dical treatment, and increased spending on health care which depletes household savings. Lowered incomes and aggravated poverty divest the poor of their capability either to live in safer environments or to improve the environment where they live. Hence, it is essential to improve environmental conditions that surround the urban poor in order to enhance the latters capability to fight poverty (Bartone, 2000).In the context of an investment in MSWM, project planners should ensure that the poor are among the beneficiaries of service improvements. Waste pickers at dumpsites and on the streets commonly are socially marginalized. They work under conditions which are extremely hazardous to health and detrimental to family, social, and educational development and live without basic economic or social security. Often children and the elderly are involved in this type of work. Waste pickers live and work under socially precarious conditions and are subject to earnest health risks. jump s hould aim to improve their working conditions, earnings, and glide slope to social services. In triple Turkish cities (Diyarbakir, Mardin, Urfa), large numbers of school age children walk near the city streets in small groups, sorting for a wide range of items. These are the children of families that have been displaced from their villages for security reasons. The little that they are able to earn from scavenging meets a earthshaking percentage of the food needs of their families (Bernstein, 1999). Improving environmental conditions in cities and towns helps in reducing poverty directly as well as indirectly (Bartone, 2000).As a direct impact, improvement in solid uncivilised conditions can lead to better health which in turn, can help to improve productivity and increased incomes. An indirect impact of meliorate solid waste conditions can lead to decreased health problems and hence, savings from spending on health. The savings and better living environment per se would provi de the poor with resources, time, and most importantly a better quality of life to enrich their skills (and thereby increase their capabilities) to earn high incomes, and fight poverty. Further, an increase in income would also enable the poor to deliver for the basic environmental services they need. Many other aspects of MSWM are closely related to poverty. Poverty is closely associated with low level of garbage extension and waste collection as well as high levels of waste sorting, re-use, and recycling. Poverty is also associated with residential proximity to dump sites as well as exclusion from municipal services. Poverty influences packs perception on SWM.2.2. 4 Garbage Pickers and EnvironmentMany great deal both young and old knead a living from the SW dumps in the outskirts of the city. This poses a great danger to the community in general and the collectors in particular. aging is also emerging as a critical problem in MSWM (Bernstein, 1999). In many nations of Easte rn Europe and most countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) population aging is rising. In some cases, over a quarter of the population are older than 60 years (Kudat and Youssef 1999). dismantle when they generate low slew of solid waste, elderly people subject special problems. For example, they often do not have easy access to a waste collection bins or have difficulties paying for the waste collection services.According to World Bank (2004) in some countries, the poorest segments of the elderly population (mainly abandoned single elderly) collect food from waste bins, thus facing serious health risks. In others situations (e.g., in Mongolia) there are many elderly individuals who collect recyclable items (cans and bottles) for cash. For many of them, collecting waste is the main source of income. The livelihoods of solid waste collectors at Harar city enumerate on the cash they generate through the collection.There are, however, important environmentally sound lessons that can be learnt from the poor with respect to both the decrease of waste and its re-use. In poor communities of Mardin, for example, most upper income groups do not engage in any sorting whereas all lower income residents make use of plastic materials, paper, cardboard and tin cans. Among the poor, for example, paper waste is used as a fire starter for stoves, leftover bread is habituated to milk sellers or to bran manufacturers and plastic bags are used for carrying food or storing bread (Bernstein, 1999). Levels of economic development and household income are important determinants of the volume and composition of wastes generated by residential and other users, as well as the willingness and ability to pay for a particular level of service. Similarly, the characteristics of other waste generators (for example, artisan shops, schools, government offices, bars) determine their ability and willingness to pay for MSWM services. It is often false that the poor would both be unable and unwilling to pay for improved MSWM services. The evidence from the water and sanitation sector strongly points in the pivotal direction (Cernea, and Kudat 1977). Indeed, the poor are often unable to have official access to municipal services and, and must pay a disproportionately higher share of their income to pay for alternative service arrangements.The garbage collectors and so face Brobdingnagian risk both for their own health and the health of the community they live with. The following are literature reviews in this regard. roughly of the information available from these secondary sources is true to the solid waste collectors of Harar. every(prenominal) activities in solid waste management involve risk, either to the workers directly involved, or to the nearby residents. Risks occur at every step in the process, from the point where residents source segregate wastes into different components for collection and recycling, to the point of crowning(prenominal) disposal (Cointreau 2000)Health and safety risks from waste are caused by many factors and may include thefollowingThe nature of raw waste, its composition (that is, toxic, supersensitized and infectioussubstances), and its components (that is, gases, dusts, leachate, sharps).The nature of waste as it decomposes (that is., gases, dusts, leachate, particle sizes) and their change in ability to cause a toxic, allergic or infectious health responseThe handling of waste (that is, working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, equipment vibrations, accidents)The processing of wastes (that is, odor, noise, vibration, accidents, argumentation and water emissions, residuals, explosions, fires)The disposal of wastes (that is, odor, noise, vibration, stability of waste piles, air and water emissions, explosions, fires).It is not always possible to quantify health impacts associated with exposure to solid waste poorly managed municipal solid waste can impose significant risks to the following groupsRefuse collection workers and waste pickers (including children)Garbage pickers who work and often live under socially precarious conditions and are subject to serious health risks, andMunicipal workers also are affected by high rates of worker illness and absenteeism2.2.5 Solid Waste DisposalThe cosmos at large is affected by poor MSWM practices that are obligated for drinking water mix-up with sewerage. Similarly, while the exposure of communities closer to the dump sites is higher, there are broader public risks associated with air pollution as well. SAs that clearly show the relationship of residential proximity to landfills and health problems have yet to be produced. Nonetheless, a study in Southeastern Turkey indicates that there may be a close relationship (Bernstein 1999), particularly for the poor. The residents say that there are a lot of diseases because they have to live close to the landfill. Our children are playing with syringes and bottles. They are dirty. Our children a re sick, and there is no doctor. We dont have money. We erect from the waste.The State must solve our problem, the residents cry. Residents of communities also add The plagiarise spreads plastic bags from the landfill. Our cattle are ill because they eat these plastic bags. This is very important for us because these are not only our animals but our income and our food. The SA carried out in Turkey also shows that the health impact of picking waste is often severe. Most pickers use their men for sorting waste and are exposed to medical waste and hazardous objects. One of the children collecting waste in the landfill said I cut my hands several times. We suffer from various diseases. One of my friends and I got typhoid, and these two boys got hepatitis. Other boys cut their hands with broken glass. (Bernstein 1999).Finally, the SA undertaken in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2002) demonstrated that externalfactors like civil war put additional pressure on the environment and health of th e local communities by contributing to the mismanagement of existing landfills and emergence of new areas for waste disposal, including those in and around abandoned home and public buildings.2.3 knowledge scatteringDissemination of information plays a key factor in MSWM. several(prenominal) literature such as Gunn, Susan E., and Zenaida Ostos (1992) Bartone, C.L, Bernstein, J.D, (1993) Olley, J and, Olbina R. (1999) Medina, Martin (2000) World Bank. 1982 recommends that taking the MSWM policies and issues to the public in the following manner plays a key role in solving several key problems in MSWM.Every good public involvement chopine includes a good public information campaign. In particular, the public needs to know why a solid waste facility is needed and what the consequences will be if no facility is on place. People need information about the alternatives to choose between them, and they need to know the facts about a proposed decision to decide whether they support it. close to techniques for communicating to the public areBriefingsBriefings keep key elected officials or agencies informed of the progress with regard to MSWM. Briefings consist of a personal see to it or even a phone call to inform people before an action is taken. Briefings often lead to two-way communication, because you may perplex valuable information in response to your announcement. Briefing elected officials or agencies is particularly important if your actions might result in political literary argument that may affect them. This was possible but not widely secure in the study area.Feature StoriesA feature story is a full-blown news story, written by a reporter, not honorable an announcement based on a news release. Sending a news release to a newspaper is one way to get the media interested in your story. But often you are more potential to get someone interested if you make a personal play with an editor or reporter who has an interest in the issue. As the study are a is inhabited by basically literate people to University graduates besides some illiterate population, this could spread information on MSWM in the city. Yet, this is not practiced in the study area except for occasional publications. card out Key Technical Reports or Environmental DocumentsSimply do technical reports available at libraries or other public places has not proven effective for getting the level of knowledge about these documents that you need for credibility. Instead, send key documents can be mailed directly to leaders of the organized groups and interests, including business, environmental, or neighborhood associations. Although mailing documents is impractical to individuals and organizations, keeping them in public libraries could be done. However, the public libraries in the study area did not contain such documents.Paid AdvertisementsPaid advertisements are one way to make an announcement or present information to the public in newspapers or on radio or televi sion. One major affection in paid advertising is public reaction against the spending of public funds. Occasionally, people criticize large advertisements, even if they are providing information. Paid advertisements are useful when announcing public meetings. However, this is not the case in the study area.Information on the Mass MediaThis is very effective as many people could afford to own a radio and have the opportunity to tarry television programs in public places and community information centers. Any program explaining the MSWM and the problems that it faces in the nation can easily be telecasted and broadcasted using undergo television and radio artists and showing live on television the sanitation degradation due to problems in MSWM. Although, the study area has a huge television screen for public at the center of the city and many people in the city own radio and have access to watch television programs, due to the absence of regular programs on SWM on mass media, infor mation on MSWM could not reach the public at large.Willingness to PayAnother important aspect of MSWM is the WTP (Willingness To Pay) of the beneficiaries. This idea has been discussed at duration in several literature related to SWM. The following points are the most important ones found in this regard.Household Income ( as discussed in Chapter One)The teaching of households that it is the government and not the citizens are responsible for SWM ( this is also discussed in Chapter One)The period of realization of the importance of proper SWM towards healthy livingThe Importance of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (Public -Private Partnership) in SWMStringent law with regard to SWSThus, WTP by the beneficiaries was considered for this project with regard to SWM in Harar city.